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Semiconductor Fuse

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What Is Semiconductor Fuse

Also known as ultra-rapid fuses, high speed fuses or rectifier fuses; a Semiconductor fuse is a high speed current limiting fuse that is designed to protect and isolate sensitive semiconductor components such as diodes, thyristors, SCRs etc. by minimizing the I²t, peak current let-through and arc voltage.

High Speed Semiconductor Fuse
A high speed semiconductor fuse, also known as a fast-acting or semiconductor fuse, is a type of fuse designed to protect sensitive electronic devices and circuits, particularly those involving...
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High Current Semiconductor Fuse
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Advantages of Using Semiconductor Fuses

They have predefined current limits which set things off when they hit a certain current. This keeps the circuit from overloading.
One thing they don't do is work as traditional current limiting fuses. You should employ other means to limit the current in your setup. Many of these come pre-set-up for you.
The main use of it is to protect against overload and short circuit protection. It's quite useful for a solid state relay because they have to be switched on for a minimum time. If something goes wrong during this time you can get an overload or short circuit that can cause serious damage.
You can also get partial range protection if you are fairly confident that your system won't have many spikes. Partial range protection happens very fast and only works on short circuits. Such protection can be quite handy.
Regardless of which you use both of them are quite a bit faster over wire-type fuses and other circuit breakers. This fast response allows the setup to catch the current very quickly before any damage at all can take place.
Something has to be set up severely incorrectly for that to happen. Of course using a semiconductor fuse can even cut out this unlikely possibility.
Small size is another advantage that these have. They are even smaller than glass fuses which are only about an inch or 2.54cm long. They can be made even smaller than that and fit in nearly any sort of device. This makes it a great choice for hardware setups where extremely small parts are needed.

Construction of Semiconductor Fuse

A semiconductor fuse construction is a fuse element has and it is surrounded by filler & enclosed by the fuse body. The fuse element within this fuse is made with oxidant-resistant fine silver. The silver material has a melting point of 960°C which can resist the maximum operating temperature of the limiter. The body of the fuse is made with thermally stable aluminum oxide ceramic.
The semiconductor fuse is also known as a high-breaking capacity or current-limiting fuse. Sometimes, these are called ultra-fast fuses or rectifiers. The time taken to melt the fuse element is called prearcing time.

Key Features of Semiconductor Fuse

●Very fast melting time to provide excellent protection against short-circuit currents.

●Current-limiting capability to reduce the energy produced during an overcurrent.

●Voltage ratings up to 12.5kV and current ratings up to 10,000A.

●Compact size and low resistance for minimal power loss during normal operation.

Types of Semiconductor Fuses

Semiconductor fuses come in various types, each with its unique set of characteristics and applications. Some of the most common types include:

Fast-Acting Fuses: These fuses are designed to respond quickly to overcurrent situations, providing enhanced protection for semiconductor components. They are typically used in applications where fast response times are crucial, such as in power supplies and motor drives.

Very Fast-Acting Fuses: With even shorter response times than fast-acting fuses, very fast-acting fuses are ideal for protecting high-speed semiconductor devices, such as integrated circuits (ICs) and microprocessors, where the slightest delay in response could lead to irreversible damage.

High-Speed Fuses: These fuses are designed to handle the high voltage and current levels found in large semiconductor devices, such as power transistors and thyristors. High-speed fuses have a high breaking capacity, enabling them to interrupt high fault currents quickly and effectively.

Semiconductor Fuse Characteristics

The fuse has an inverse time-current characteristic. The greater the over-current, the lesser the fault-clearing time. The semiconductor fuse exhibits super-fast fault-clearing characteristics. The metal fuse characteristics are set in line with the thermal load-carrying capacity of the semiconductor. The prearcing time of the semiconductor fuse is very short. The cut-off characteristics of the fuse are given below.

The semiconductor devices have low thermal reserves and function reliably if the junction temperature is below 125°C. The semiconductor devices have a very low temperature limit margin between the operating and the limit temperature, and super-fast-acting fuses are required to protect the semiconductor devices. The semiconductor fuse has small limiter cross-sections, and temperature is reached quickly when overcurrents are present.

The fuse element of the semiconductor fuse is made of oxidant-resistant fine silver, with regions of reduced cross-section area called ( often called notches). The silver has a melting point of 960°C, which can withstand the high operating temperature of the limiter. The fuse body is made of thermally stable aluminum oxide ceramic. The semiconductor fuse construction is given below.

The semiconductor fuse is also called current limiting or high breaking capacity fuse. The semiconductor fuses are sometimes referred to as rectifiers or ultra-fast fuses.

The fuse element of the semiconductor fuse is made of oxidant-resistant fine silver with a melting point of 960°C, which can withstand the high operating temperature of the limiter. The fuse body is made of thermally stable aluminum oxide ceramic. The semiconductor fuse construction is given below.

Semiconductor Fuse Classes

Semiconductor Fuses fall into three classes which characterise the breaking (interrupting) characteristic of the fuse - aR, gR and gS.These fuse speed markings are often printed on the fuse to help you identify it. Typical applications for semiconductor fuses include protection of semiconductors (diodes, thyristors, triacs, etc) used in power rectifiers, UPS, converters, motor drives (AC and DC), soft starters, solid state relays, photovoltaic inverters, welding inverters and any application where it is necessary to protect semiconductor devices.

aR Class Fuses

AR class fuses only provide partial-range breaking capacity (short-circuit protection only) for the protection of power semiconductors (IEC Utilization category). Note: aR fuses are often faster (with a lower I²t value) than a comparable gS or gR fuse. An aR class fuse must not be used as a replacement for a gR class fuse.

gR Class Fuses

GR class fuses provide full-range breaking capacity (overload and short-circuit protection) for the protection of semiconductors, cables and all switchgear of the installation. Designers can often substitute a gR class fuse for an aR class fuse.

gS Class Fuses

GS class fuses are very similar to gR class fuses. They both provide full-range breaking capacity (overload and short-circuit protection) but gS class fuses have lower power dissipation than gR class fuses due to tighter melting gate values. This also results in gS class fuses having lower fuse body temperatures.

Applications Of Semiconductor Fuses

Semiconductor fuse finds application in various industries where precision protection is essential. Here are examples of specific applications and corresponding fuse ratings:
Telecommunications Equipment: In telecommunications infrastructure, such as base stations and communication switches, sensitive semiconductor components are common. A semiconductor fuse with a rating of 2A might be employed to protect critical signal processing circuits.
Automotive Electronics: In modern vehicles, semiconductor devices control various functions, from engine management to infotainment systems. A semiconductor fuse with a rating of 5A could be used to safeguard these intricate electronic components.
Medical Equipment: Sophisticated medical equipment relies heavily on semiconductor-based control and monitoring systems. To protect these devices, a semiconductor fuse rated at 1A might be utilized, ensuring reliable operation without risking damage.

Selection of Semiconductor Fuses

Physical limitations on site or in the design
The first step in selecting a fuse and fuse holder is to determine the physical type of fuse that you wish to use.
First check the site, or design and make sure of the physical limitations and required clearances can be met.

Breaking Capacity (kA) of fuses
The Breaking Capacity or kA of a fuse if the maximum allowable current at the maximum specified voltage where the fuse can safely operate or "break" without rupturing the fuse body. Therefore this parameter is very important and should not be overlooked.
Fuses should be selected to have a higher kA rating than the prospective or potential short circuit fault current the fuse will be subjected to.

Fuse Class
There are different types of fuse class including the following
GS & gR -> Full range breaking capacity - Short Circuit or Overload
AR -> Partial Range breaking capacity - Short Circuit only
GPV -> Capable of interrupting low overcurrents associated with faulted PV (reverse current, multi-array fault) string arrays.

Voltage rating of fuses
The voltage rating should exceed the maximum peak voltage which will be seen across the load. Also note you need to apply a "derating" or "conversion" factor.

Nominal rating of fuse
Try to select the nominal current rating to be above the maximum inductive or resistive load which will be seen across the fuse. This is not always possible and you may need a very low I²t. Modern semiconductors generally have very high I²t and this is a rare situation to come across. Mainly found with old semicondcutor equipment and with batteries or Motors you may find these limitations to come into effect.

I²t Rating of Fuse
The I²t value of the fuse should be at least 10-20% lower than the rating of the semiconductor, battery or motor you are protecting. The value of I²t used for the fuse will be the value after derating is applied. This is the real world parameter you need to consider.

Fuse holder rating and size
Care should also be taken to ensure the fuse holder can handle the voltage and the continuous operating RMS current of the system power system.

Our Factory

XC Electronics (Shenzhen) Corp. Ltd is a leading industrial manufacturer that develops and manufactures all kinds of fuse and thermostat since 2002. The Hong Kong company named XGH ELETRIC COMPANY was founded in 1996. The products ranges miniature fuses, micro fuses, SMD fuses, power fuse, plug fuse, high voltage fuse, blade fuse, fuse holders, thermostat and thermal sensors for circuit protection and thermal protection solutions that are widely used in powers, household appliances, lightings, batteries, new energy resources, automotive equipment, communications devices and computers.

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FAQ

Q: What is the difference between HRC fuse and semiconductor fuse?

A: Semiconductor fuses and HRC fuses can be different in construction, rupture time and current rating. Semiconductor fuses made of semiconductor materials (sensitive to both current and voltage) while HRC fuses are built using metal between contacts (Sensitive to current).

Q: What are the advantages of semiconductor fuses?

A: Using semiconductors brings advantages. Fuses protect the components in electrical circuits. If an overload or short-circuit occurs, the fuse triggers and opens the circuit. This prevents damage and keeps the cost of repairs down.

Q: How to check semiconductor fuse?

A: A fuse can also be verified through the apparatus by isolating the capacitor, selecting a fuse, forcing a voltage to the fuse, and measuring current demand of the fuse. A first current level indicates an intact fuse, and a second current level indicates a blown fuse.

Q: How does a semiconductor fuse work?

A: The working of a semiconductor fuse is to allow the current flow supplied from the power source to the circuit to power the circuit properly. If a short circuit or overload occurs, then the current supply can crack the filament in the fuse & cut the power source connection throughout the circuit.

Q: What are the different types of semiconductor fuses?

A: Semiconductor Fuses fall into three classes which characterise the breaking (interrupting) characteristic of the fuse - aR, gR and gS. These fuse speed markings are often printed on the fuse to help you identify it.

Q: How do I choose a semiconductor fuse?

A: The semiconductor fuses must be carefully selected to match the semiconductor devices (thyristors) and the continuous current rating of the soft starter.

Q: How to test a semiconductor fuse?

Q: What does a semiconductor fuse do?

A: Also known as ultra-rapid fuses, high speed fuses or rectifier fuses; a Semiconductor fuse is a high speed current limiting fuse that is designed to protect and isolate sensitive semiconductor components such as diodes, thyristors, SCRs etc.

Q: What is the difference between semiconductor fuse and normal fuse?

A: Semiconductor fuses generally range from 125 to 2,100 volts and are available in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. The main difference in its working is that it can also identify voltage overshoots and break the circuit. You must be knowing that a normal standard fuse is defined by its current rating.

Q: What are the characteristics of a semiconductor fuse?

A: Semiconductor fuses are sometimes referred to as rectifier or ultra-fast fuses. They are available with voltage ratings up to 12.5kV, and with rated currents up to 10000A. During normal circuit operation the fuse elements carry the required currents without melting.

Q: What is the response time of a semiconductor fuse?

A: Semiconductor fuse links are designed to have a very fast response time, typically requiring only about 5-6 times their rated current to melt within 10ms, which is much faster than general industrial fuses.

Q: What is the rating of a semiconductor fuse?

A: Available ratings range from 150 to 1300 volts and up to 6000 amps. Semiconductor fuses are designed specifically for supplementary protection of semiconducting devices such as silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR's), diodes, thyristors, triacs, transistors, and similar solid-state devices.

Q: What is the construction of semiconductor fuse?

A: Physical Construction: Semiconductor fuses often use materials and construction methods that allow for the rapid interruption of current. They are generally more compact and may use silver or other high-conductivity materials.

Q: Why use a semiconductor fuse?

A: Semiconductor fuses offer rapid disconnection capabilities, protecting charging equipment from electrical faults and preventing overloads. This not only ensures the safety of the charging process but also prolongs the lifespan of the equipment.

Q: What is the property of semiconductor fuse?

A: Fast Response Time: Semiconductor fuses are designed to react very quickly to overcurrent events. This rapid response helps protect semiconductor devices that may be sensitive to short-duration, high-current spikes. 2. Specific Current Ratings: Semiconductor fuses are rated based on their current-carrying capacity.

Q: What is the difference between gR and gG fuses?

A: GG is a general-purpose fuse that can cope with lower overload current faults but will clear high short circuit faults. They are not as fast operating as other fuses. gR fuses have a thin copper link with M-Effect, so they provide some overload protection but are slower to operate for short circuits.

Q: What is the rating of a semiconductor fuse?

Q: How to size semiconductor fuses?

A: I²t Rating of Fuse. The I²t value of the fuse should be at least 10-20% lower than the rating of the semiconductor, battery or motor you are protecting. The value of I²t used for the fuse will be the value after derating is applied.

Q: Why is a semiconductor fuse used in drives?

A: Because of their power-limiting characteristics, they can protect some semiconductor devices from excess power. The power-limiting characteristic of semiconductor fuses is also useful for reducing the amount of damage done by an arcing fault; hence,the fault current is effectively reduced.

Q: What is the property of semiconductor fuse?

A: The fuse has an inverse time-current characteristic. The greater the over-current, the lesser the fault-clearing time. The semiconductor fuse exhibits super-fast fault-clearing characteristics. The metal fuse characteristics are set in line with the thermal load-carrying capacity of the semiconductor. The prearcing time of the semiconductor fuse is very short. The cut-off characteristics of the fuse are given below.
The semiconductor devices have low thermal reserves and function reliably if the junction temperature is below 125°C. The semiconductor devices have a very low temperature limit margin between the operating and the limit temperature, and super-fast-acting fuses are required to protect the semiconductor devices. The semiconductor fuse has small limiter cross-sections, and temperature is reached quickly when overcurrents are present.

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